ºìÁªLinuxÃÅ»§
Linux°ïÖú

co unixware 7.1.1 È«Ãæѧϰ×ÊÁÏ£¨4£©

·¢²¼Ê±¼ä:2006-10-12 08:44:00À´Ô´:ºìÁª×÷Õß:bear10214
µÚËIJ¿·Ö£ºSHELL½éÉÜ
µÚÒ»½²£ºÊ²Ã´ÊÇShell
µ±ÎÒÃǵÇÈëUnixÖ®áá, µÚÒ»¸ö½Ó´¥µ½µÄ, ±ãÊÇ Shell. ÎÒÃDZØÐë¶ÔËüÓеã³õ²½µÄÈÏʶ²ÅÐÐ.
Ò». Shell ¼ò½é.
Unixϵͳ·Ö³ÉÈý¸öÖØÒªµÄ²¿·Ý
ºËÐÄ
Shell
¹¤¾ß³Ìʽ
ºËÐĵIJ¿·ÝÏ൱µÍ½×, ²Ù×÷Õß²»Ò׺ÍËüÖ±½Ó¹µÍ¨, Òò´Ë, ±ØÐëÒªÓÐÒ»¸öÓÑÉƵĽéÃæ(interface), ʹµÃ²Ù×÷ʱÄܸüΪ·½±ã, Õâ¸ö½éÃæ±ãÊÇ Shell.
»»ÑÔÖ®, Shell ¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸ö¾Ó춺ËÐĺͲÙ×÷ÕßÖ®¼äµÄÒ»²ãʹÓÃÕß½éÃæ.
ÄÇ÷á, ΪºÎ³ÆËüΪ Shell ÄØ? Shell µÄ±¾ÒâÊÇ "¿Ç" µÄÒâ˼ÄØ!
û´í, ÔÚºËÐĵÄÍâÃæ, °ü¸²×ÅÒ»²ãÍâ¿Ç, ÓÃÀ´¸ºÔð½ÓÊÕʹÓÃÕßÊäÈëµÄÖ¸Áî, È»áὫָÁî½âÒë³ÉºËÐÄÄܹ»Á˽âµÄ·½Ê½, ´«¸øºËÐÄÈ¥Ö´ÐÐ, ÔÙ½«½á¹û´«»ØÖÁÔ¤ÉèµÄÊä³öÖܱß.
ÀýÈç: ¼üÈë
ls -l
shell ¸øÄãÒÔÏ»ØÓ¦:
Óµ
µµ ÓÐ
°¸ µµ
ÖÖ °¸ µµ°¸´óС ×î½üÐ޸ĵÄ
Àà µµ°¸È¨ÏÞ Êý ÓµÓÐÈË ×é±ð (byteµ¥Î»)ÈÕÆÚ¼°Ê±¼ä µµ°¸Ãû³Æ
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 1024 Jul 21 21:31 .
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 1024 Apr 11 12:01 ..
drwxr-xr-x 8 82 82 1024 Feb 25 19:23 apache
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1335460 Feb 25 17:45 apache_1_3_4.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 1024 Aug 31 1998 ftp
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 1024 Aug 31 1998 httpd
drwx------ 2 james james 1024 Apr 23 06:47 james
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Aug 31 1998 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 msql nobody 1024 Dec 28 1998 msql
drwxr-xr-x 28 ols3 ols3 2048 Jul 19 21:38 ols3
drwxr-xr-x 3 1022 nobody 1024 Jan 25 23:40 ols3cgi
drwxrwxr-x 3 perl ols3 1024 Feb 2 07:11 perl
-rw------- 1 root root 2097152 Jul 21 18:39 quota.group
-rw------- 1 root root 1278656 Jul 21 18:39 quota.user
drwxrwxr-x 2 root nobody 1024 May 11 1998 samba
drwxr-xr-x 3 apache nobody 1024 Feb 25 16:58 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 webadm nobody 1024 Mar 14 16:34 webadm
Shell °´×űíÏֵķ½Ê½Óë¶ÁȡʹÓÃÕßÊäÈëÖÖÀàµÄ²»Í¬, ¿É·ÖΪ¶þ´óÀà:
Text base : ÎÄ×Öµ¼Ïò
Graph base: ͼÐ͵¼Ïò
Ëùν "¶ÁȡʹÓÃÕßÊäÈëÖÖÀ಻ͬ" ÊÇÖ¸: ¶ÁÈ¡×Ô¼üÅÌ, »ò¶ÁÈ¡×Ô»¬Êó, ÆäËü serial input, Ó©Ä»´¥¿ØµÈ.
ÕâÑù˵À´, Shell ºÃÏñÖ»ÊÇÃüÁîÖ±ÒëÆ÷°ÕÁË?!
àÅ, Õâµ¹Òª°´²»Í¬µÄ OS Ëù¸½¸øµÄ Shell Æ书ÄܺÍÑ¡ÔñÐÔµÄ×ÔÓɶȶø¶¨.
ÒÔ DOS µÄ COMMAND.COM ¶øÑÔ, Ëü¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÊ®×ãµÄÃüÁîÖ±ÒëÆ÷, ³ýÁËÒ»µãµã batch µµµÄÄÜÁ¦Ö®Íâ, ËüµÄ¹¦Äܲ¢²»¶à. Win ƽ̨µÄ GUI, ÔòÊÇÒ»¸öͼÐÍʽµÄÃüÁîÖ±ÒëÆ÷, ½éÃæÊ®·ÖÓÑÉÆ. ²»¹ý, Õâ¶þÖÖ OS, ²»ÄÜÈÃÄã×ÔÓɶø¼òµ¥µØÑ¡Ôñ Shell.(ÒÔÇ° DOS ÓÐ 4dos ¿ÉÑ¡ÓÃ)
ÓÉì¶ Unix ¼Ò×å, ¶Ô Shell µÄ´¦Àí, ²É¶ÀÁ¢×ÔÓÉ¿ª·ÅµÄ·½Ê½, Òò´Ë, Shell µÄÖÖÀàÏ൱µØ¶à, ¸ü¿ÉÒÔÈÃÈË×ÔÓɵظü»»(chsh).
Ä¿Ç°Á÷ÐÐµÄ shell ÓÐ:
Bourne shell : sh
C shell : csh
Korn shell: ksh (ÉÌÒµÈíÌå)
tcsh (free)
Bourne Again shell: bash (GNU)
¶þ. Shell µÄ¼òÊ·
µÚÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄ shell ÊÇ Bourne shell (Èç´ËÃüÃûÊÇΪÁ˼ÍÄî´Ë shell µÄ·¢Ã÷Õß Steven Bourne), 1979 ÄêµÚÒ»¸öÁ÷ÐÐµÄ Unix °æ±¾ 7 ·¢ÐÐʱ, ¿ªÊ¼Ê¹Óà Bourne shell.
Bourne shell µÄÖ÷µµÃûΪ sh, Òò´Ë, ÈÕááÈËÃDZãÒÔ sh Ϊ Bourne shell µÄÖ÷Ҫʶ±ðÃû³Æ.
ËäÈ» Unix É쵀 shell ÓÐÐí¶àÖÖ, µ« Bourne shell µÄµØλÖÁ½ñÈÔȻûÓиıä. Ðí¶à Unix ϵͳÖÐÈÔȻʹÓà sh ×öΪÖØÒªµÄ¹ÜÀí¹¤¾ß. (ËüµÄ¹¤×÷´Ó¿ª»úµ½¹Ø»ú, ¼¸ºõÎÞËù²»°ü)
µÚÒ»¸ö¹ãΪÁ÷ÐÐʹÓÃµÄ shell ±äÖÖÊÇ C shell. C shell Ö÷Òª¸½ÔÚ BSD °æµÄ Unix ϵͳÖÐ. ËüµÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ°Ø¿ËÀ³´óѧµÄ Bill Joy. C shell Ö÷ÒªÊÇÒòΪÆäÓï·¨ºÍ C ÓïÑÔÏàÀàËÆ, Òò¶øµÃÃû. ÕâʹµÃ Unix ϵͳµÄ³Ìʽʦ, ÔÚѧϰ C shell ʱ, ¸Ðµ½Ï൱µØ·½±ãÈÝÒ×.
ÒÔÉÏÕâ¶þÖÖÐÎ³É shell µÄ¶þ´óÖ÷Á÷, ááÀ´µÄ±äÖÖ shell ´ó¶¼¾ðÈ¡Õâ¶þÖÖ shell µÄÓŵã.
±ÈÈç Korn, tcsh ¼° bash.
Bash shell ÊÇ GNU ¼Æ»®µÄÖØÒª¹¤¾ßÈíÌåÖ®Ò», Ò²ÊÇ GNU ×÷ҵϵͳÖбê×¼µÄ shell.
Bash ÔÚ 1988 Äêµ®Éú, ×î³õµÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Brian Fox, Chet Ramey ì¶ 1989 ¼ÓÈë, ÏÖÔÚ¹Ù·½ÕýʽµÄά»¤ÕßÊÇ Chet Ramey, ËûµÄ¹¤×÷±ãÊdzÖÐø²»¶ÏµØÔöÇ¿ bash µÄ¹¦ÄÜ.
1995~1996 ÆÚ¼äÍƳö bash 2.0 , ÔÚÕâ֮ǰ, ¹ãΪʹÓõİ汾ÊÇ 1.14.x, ËüÔö¼ÓÁËÐí¶àÐµĹ¦ÄÜ, ÒÔ¼°¸üºÃµÄÏàÈÝÐÔ.
µ±È», Bash ÊÇÍêÈ«Ãâ·ÑµÄ, ËüÊÇ Open Source µÄÒ»Ô±, ԭʼÂëÈ«²¿¿ª·Å.
¶þ. Bash µÄ¹¦ÄÜ.
Bash ¾ßÓÐÒÔϹ¦ÄÜ:
ÏàÈÝì¶ Bourne shell (sh)
°üº¬ÓÐ C shell ÒÔ¼° Korn shell ÖÐ×îºÃµÄ¹¦ÄÜ.
¾ßÃüÁîÁбàÐÞµÄÄÜÁ¦(Äú¼ÇµÃÒÔÇ° DOS ÖÐµÄ doskey Âð?)
¹¤×÷¿ØÖÆ(job control)µÄÄÜÁ¦, ¿É¿ØÖÆÇ°¾°¼°±³¾°³Ìʽ
¾ß shell ³ÌʽÉè¼ÆµÄÄÜÁ¦, ¿ÉÈÃÄú×Ô¶©shell¼°Éè¼Æ³Ìʽ, ¹ÜÀíϵͳ.
Èý. аæµÄ Bash ÄÄÀïץȡ?
Èý. ¿ªÊ¼Ê¹Óà Bash
µ±Äã login ½ø unix Ö÷»úʱ, ±ã¿ªÊ¼ºÍ bash »¥¶¯, Ò»Ö±µ½Äã exit Ö÷»ú(»ò°´^D) Ϊֹ.
Bash µÄÌáʾ·ûºÅΪ$(´ú±íÒ»°ãÉí·ÝʹÓÃÕß), µ±Äú¾ßÓÐ root ȨÏÞʱ, Ìáʾ·ûºÅÔò±äΪ #.
Ò»µ©³öÏÖÌáʾ·ûºÅʱ, Äú±ã¿ÉÒÔ¿ªÊ¼¼üÈë²Ù×÷ÃüÁîÁÐ(command line)ÁË.
ÃüÁî¿É·ÖΪ¶þ´óÀà:
bash ÄÚ½¨µÄÖ¸Áî
³Ìʽ
Èç¹ûÊÇ bash ÄÚ½¨µÄÖ¸Áî, ÔòÓÉ bash shell ¸ºÔð»ØÓ¦; ÈôÊdzÌʽ, Ôò shell »áÕÒ³ö¸Ã³Ìʽ, È»áὫ¿ØÖÆȨ½»¸øºËÐÄ, ÓɺËÐÄÖ´ÐиóÌʽ, Ö´ÐÐÍêÖ®áá, ÔÙ½«¿ØÖÆȨ½»»Ø¸ø shell.
Ôõ÷áÖªµÀÄÇЩָÁîÊÇ bash ÄÚ½¨µÄ, ÄÇЩÊdzÌʽÄØ? ͨ³£Óà "which Ö¸Áî", ÈôûÓÐÈκλØÓ¦, ±íʾÊÇÄÚ½¨µÄÖ¸Áî(³ý·Ç¸ÃÖ¸Áî´íÎó¡¢²»´æÔÚ, »ò¸Ã³Ìʽ²»ÔÚÔ¤ÉèµÄËÑѰ·¾¶Ö®ÄÚ), ÀýÈçÏÂ:
$/usr/ucb/which echo ¡¡¡¡¡¡[ûÓлØÓ¦, ±íʾÊÇÄÚ½¨µÄÖ¸Áî]
/usr/bin/echo
$ /usr/ucb/which ls
/bin/ls
ËÄ. ÃüÁîÁеĸñʽ.
ÃüÁîÁÐͨ³£Óɺü¸¸ö×Ö´®×é³É, ÖмäÓÿհ׻ò tab ¼ü·Ö¿ª. ÈçÏÂËùʾ:
command options arguments(»ò³ÆΪ parameters)
ÃüÁî Ñ¡Ïî ²ÎÊý
rm -rf /home/ols3
³ýÁË¿Õ°×ºÍ tab ¼üÖ®Íâ, ÿһ²¿·Ý, ÎÒÃdzÆ֮Ϊ token, ±ÈÈçÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖÐ, ±ãÓÐÈý¸ö token: rm, -rf, /home/ols3.
µ±¼üÈë´ËÒ»ÃüÁîÁÐʱ, shell Ê×ÏȽ«Ëü·Ö½â³É¸ö±ðµÄ token, È»ááÅжÏÊÇÄÚ½¨µÄÖ¸Áî, »òÊdzÌʽ, ÔÙ°´Ö®Ç°Ìá¹ýµÄ·½Ê½È¥Ö´ÐÐ.
Ôõ÷áÖªµÀÒ»¸öÃüÁî»ò³Ìʽ, ËüÓÐÄÇЩѡÏîºÍ²ÎÊýÄØ? ͨ³£ man һϸÃÖ¸Áî, ¾Í¿ÉÒԵõ½ÁË. ÀýÈç:
man rm
ÁíÍâ, ¶àÐÐÖ¸ÁîÒ²¿ÉÒÔÒ»ÏÂÈ«²¿Ð´ÔÚͬһÃüÁîÁÐÖÐ, Ö»ÒªÖмäÓà ; ·Ö¿ª, Èç:
ls ; mkdir test ; clear
Îå. ÏÖÐÐĿ¼ºÍ×Ô¼ÒĿ¼.
ËùνÏÖÐÐĿ¼(current directory)ÊÇÖ¸: ÄãÏÖÔÚËù´¦µÄλÖÃ, ÓÖ³ÆΪ¹¤×÷Ŀ¼(working directory).
ÓûÖªÏÖÐÐĿ¼ΪºÎ? ¿ÉÏ pwd Ö¸Áî±ãÖª.
Ëùν×Ô¼ÒĿ¼(home directory)ÊÇÖ¸: µ±³õ root ΪÄ㽨Á¢ÕʺÅʱ, ËùÖ¸¶¨¸øÄãµÄÒ»¸ö˽ÈËרÓõÄĿ¼, Ò²ÊÇÄãµÇÈëϵͳ֮áá, µÚÒ»¸ö½øÈëµÄµØ·½.
ÓûÖª×Ô¼ÒĿ¼, ¿ÉÓÃÏÂÁз½Ê½:
cd ¡¡¡¡¡¡(È»ááÖ±½Ó°´ Enter)
cd ~ ¡¡¡¡ (~ ´ú±í×Ô¼ÒĿ¼)
cat /etc/passwd | grep ÄúµÄÕʺÅ
Ïà¹ØµÄ¼¼ÇÉ
cd ./myway (½øÈëĿǰĿ¼Ï嵀 myway Ŀ¼ÖÐ)¡¡
cd ..¡¡(»Øµ½ÉÏÒ»²ãĿ¼)
Áù. ÍòÓÃ×ÖÔª.
Èç¹ûÃüÁîÁеIJÎÊýÖÐ, º¬ÓеµÃû, ÄÇ÷áÍòÓÃ×ÖÔª(wildcards)¿ÉÒÔ´øÀ´Ê®·Ö±ãÀûµÄ²Ù×÷. (²»¹ýÈôʹÓò»µ±, Ò²ÊǶñÃεĿªÊ¼)
Èç¹û¸÷λÒÔÇ°Óйý DOS µÄ²Ù×÷¾­Ñé, Ó¦¸Ã»¹¼ÇµÃ * ¼° ? Ëù´ú±íµÄÒâÒå°É?!
ÒÔÏÂÊÇ bash ÖÐʹÓõÄÍòÓÃ×ÖÔª:
? ´ú±íÈκε¥Ò»×ÖÔª(character)
* ´ú±íÈκÎ×Ö´® (×¢Òâ: 0 ¸öÒÔÉϵÄ×ÖÔª, Àý: *yes ½«°üº¬ yes »ò yes-or-not)
[×ÖÔª×éºÏ] ÔÚÖÐÀ¨ºÅÖеÄ×ÖÔª½Ô·ûºÏ, Èç: [a-z]´ú±íËùÓеÄСд×Öĸ
[!×ÖÔª×éºÏ] ²»ÔÚÖÐÀ¨ºÅÖеÄ×ÖÔª½Ô·ûºÏ, Èç: [!0-9]´ú±í·ÇÊý×ÖµÄ×ÖÔª½Ô·ûºÏ
Æß. ÊäÈëºÍÊä³öÓëÖØе¼Ïò.
µ± unixϵͳÍê³É¿ª»úÖ®áá, Ô¤ÉèÉÏ, ±ã¿ªÓÐÈý¸öµµ°¸, ÕâÈý¸öµµ°¸ÊÇ×öΪÊäÈë¡¢Êä³öÒÔ¼°ÏÔʾ´íÎóÖ®ÓõÄ.
ÎÒÃdzÆ֮Ϊ:
±ê×¼ÊäÈë: ͨ³£ÊǼüÅÌ, µµ°¸´úÂëΪ 0
±ê×¼Êä³ö: ͨ³£ÊÇÓ©Ä», µµ°¸´úÂëΪ 1
±ê×¼´íÎó: ͨ³£±ê×¼Êä³öÏàͬ(Ò²¾ÍÊÇÓ©Ä»), µµ°¸´úÂëΪ 2
ËäȻϵͳÒÑ°ïÄãÉèºÃÁËÕâÈý¸öµµ°¸, µ«ÎÒÃÇÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔÊÓÐèÒª, ÊÊʱµØ¸Ä±äÊäÈë,Êä³ö,¼°´íÎóÕâÈýÕßÖÁ²»Í¬µÄµØ·½. ÕâÖָıä±ê×¼Êä³öÈëµÄ¶¯×÷, ÎÒÃdzÆ֮Ϊ "I/O ÖØе¼Ïò" (I/O Redirection).
ÀýÈç:
ls -la > myfile ¾ÍÊǽ«²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÖØе¼ÏòÖÁ myfile ÖÐ(±¾À´ÊÇÓ¦¸Ã³öÏÖÔÚÓ©Ä»ÉϵÄ)
cat myfile ±ã¿ÉÒÔ¿´¼û ls -la µÄ½á¹û.
cat < myfile > youfile ¾ÍÊǽ« myfile µÄÄÚÈÝ¿½±´¸ø youfile.
> ´ú±í½«Êä³öתÏò
< ´ú±í½«ÊäÈëתÏò
ÁíÒ»¸ö»á½«Êä³öÈëתÏòµÄ»úÖÆÊÇ "¹ÜÏß" (Pipelines).
ËùνµÄ¹ÜÏß¾ÍÊǽ«Ò»¸ö³ÌʽµÄÊä³öµ±³ÉÁíÒ»¸ö³ÌʽµÄÊäÈë.
ÀýÈç: cat /etc/passwd | grep ols3
ÉÏÃæÕâ¶ÎÖ¸ÁîµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ˵: °Ñ /etc/passwd µµµÄÄÚÈÝÏÔʾ½á¹û(¼´Êä³ö) ¶ª¸ø grep Õâ¸öÖ¸Áîµ±×÷ÊäÈëÖµ, È»ááÓÉ grep ´ÓÖÐÕÒ³ö°üº¬¹Ø¼ü×Ö ols3 µÄ×ÊÁÏÁÐ.
°Ë. ǰ̨Óëºǫ́¹¤×÷.
unix ÊǶàÓû§¶àÈÎÎñµÄ×÷ҵϵͳ, ÕâÒâνUNIX ¿ÉÒÔÈöàÈËͬʱʹÓÃ, ¸ü¿ÉÒÔͬʱִÐÐÐí¶à³Ìʽ.
Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ, ÄãËùÖ´ÐеÄÖ¸Áî»áÒ»Ö±ÎÕ×Å¿ØÖÆȨ, Ò»Ö±µ½³Ìʽ½áÊøΪֹ, ÎÒÃdzÆΪÕâÑùµÄÖ´Ðй¤×÷ÊÇÔÚǰ̨¹¤×÷(foreground jobs), Èç¹û, Ö´ÐÐÖ¸Áîʱ, ÄãÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔÔÙ×öÆäËüµÄÊÂÇé, ÄÇÎÒÃǾͳÆËüÊÇÔÚºǫ́¹¤×÷.
ͨ³£±È½ÏºÄʱ¼äµÄ¹¤×÷, ÎÒÃÇ»á°ÑËü¶ªµ½ºǫ́ȥִÐÐ, ¶øÕâÆÚ¼ä, ÎÒÃÇÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔºÍ shell ¼ÌÐø¹µÍ¨, Ï´ïÆäËüÃüÁî¸ø shell È¥Ö´ÐÐ.
ÀýÈç: ÎÒÃÇÏë´ÓÖÐÑÐÔºµÄ FTP ËÅ·þÆ÷ÏÂÔØijһ¸öĿ¼ÖÐËùÓеĵµ°¸, µ«ÓÖ²»ÏëµÈËüÖ´ÐÐÍê±Ï(ÒòΪÕâÑùºÄʱ¼ä,Ò²ºÜÎÞÁÄ), ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÒÔϵķ½Ê½À´´ï³É:
ÆäÖÐ & Õâ¸ö·ûºÅ±ãÊǽ«ÃüÁîÁжªµ½ºǫ́ȥִÐеÄÖ¸Áî.
Èç¹ûÄúÏëÀëÏßÖ®áá, ÈÔÈ»Áîϵͳ¼ÌÐø´«µµ, ¿ÉÒÔÔÚÇ°ÃæÔÙ¼ÓÒ»¸ö nohup µÄÖ¸Áî, ÈçÏÂ:
nohup ÊÇ no hangup ¼´²»¹Ò¶ÏÖ®Òâ.
°Ë. ÌØÊâ×ÖÔª¼°ÒýºÅ.
ÓÐÐí¶à×ÖÔª, ¶Ô shell À´Ëµ, ÊǾßÓÐÌØÊâÒâÒåµÄ. ÏêÁÐì¶ÏÂ:
·ûºÅ ÒâÒå
~ ×Ô¼ÒĿ¼
` ÃüÁîÈ¡´ú
# ½â
$ ±äÊýÈ¡Öµ
& ºǫ́¹¤×÷
* ÍòÓÃ×ÖÔª
( ×Óshell¿ªÊ¼
) ×Óshell½áÊø
\ ʹÌØÊâ×ÖÔª»Ö¸´±¾Òâ
| ¹ÜÏß
[ ×ÖÔª×éºÏ¿ªÊ¼
] ×ÖÔª×éºÏ½áÊø
{ ÃüÁîÇø¿é¿ªÊ¼
} ÃüÁîÇø¿é½áÊø
; ÃüÁî·Ö¸ôºÅ
' µ¥ÒýºÅ(²»¾ß±äÊýÖû»µÄ¹¦ÄÜ)
" Ë«ÒýºÅ(¾ßÖû»µÄ¹¦ÄÜ)
< ÊäÈëתÏò
> Êä³öתÏò
/ ·¾¶·Ö¸ôºÅ
? ÍòÓÃ×ÖÔª
! ¹ÜÏßÂß¼­ÒâÒåÉ쵀 NOT
ÎÄÕÂÆÀÂÛ

¹²ÓÐ 0 ÌõÆÀÂÛ